The use of wireless technology in industrial automation systems offers a number of potential benefits, from the obvious cost reduction brought about by the elimination of wiring, to the availability of better plant information, improved productivity and better asset management. However, its practical implementation faces a number of challenges: not least the present lack of a universally agreed standard. This article looks at some of these challenges and presents the approach being taken by Yokogawa.
The wireless landscape
In order to understand the ways in which wireless technology can aid the implementation of industrial automation systems, it is first important to clarify what is meant by the word ‘wireless’ in this context. Essentially, wireless can act at several levels within a plant:
* RFID – at the simplest level, radio-frequency identification can aid asset inspection and tracking, safety, security and location.
* Wireless sensor networks – this is possibly the area where most attention is currently being focused and embraces aspects such as condition monitoring, wireless instruments and measurements.
* Wireless LANs, covering areas such as mobile operator terminals, data-logging, security, maintenance and IT. Wireless WANs, including long-distance broadband backhaul and high-bandwidth video applications.
When implemented within a typical plant, each of these aspects can bring benefits as well as new opportunities. For example, the fact that plant and process information is available anywhere via wireless sensor networks leads to greater quality of information, with the benefits of distributed control and plant asset management spread throughout the plant.
Another important benefit is improved workforce productivity. The fact that there are no wires leads to reduced installation and commissioning effort, while the fact that workers – whether operators or maintenance engineers – can now be truly mobile. Improved plant management results from the improved availability of video surveillance and people tracking for better safety and security, along with a reduced need to access hazardous or remote plant areas.
Of all the elements highlighted above, wireless sensor networks are currently attracting the most attention as most of the benefits directly relate to this area. Apart from the benefits of eliminating signal and power wiring, wireless sensor networks open up measurement applications in sites that are hard to access, or where the wiring cost cannot be justified. They can also prove invaluable for the modernisation of existing facilities, for temporary installations, or for locations where a power source is not available. Wireless sensor networks offer enhanced plant asset management through the freeing up of cable resources for higher-priority measurements in existing installations, the replacement of many traditional pressure gauges and temperature indicators and the ability to make measurements that could not previously be justified. There is also a reduction in ‘blind spots’ through the ability to make measurements on rotating or moving equipment and in remote locations. A further point is that, once established, wireless sensor networks are scalable: additional sensors can be added at low cost and temporary measurements can be incorporated for process diagnostics and optimisation.
Wireless standards
In developing a universal standard for industrial automation wireless networks a number of challenges emerge, not least because most licence-free wireless networks use the same 2,4 GHz bandwidth and many sensor networks are based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Clearly there are concerns about co-existence and interference leading to reliability and latency problems and about multiple protocols sharing the same bandwidth.
Observations
In open terrain with no obstacles a range of ±600 m can be expected in pipeline applications, a higher antenna position improves communication quality, a range of 50-100 m can be expected near to plant steelworks, a range of >50 m can be expected inside infrastructure and inside plant steelworks a range of <<50 m can be expected.
Users have concerns about security with the potential for jamming, sabotage and the compromising of network privacy, but also want systems that are open, backwards compatible, interoperable and cost effective to implement.
One thing is certain: the industry must strive to establish a global standard that covers communication from sensor to control room, is designed with security in mind and is end-user driven. Unfortunately, this ideal scenario is unlikely to occur in the immediate future since two standards are currently being used by different industry players – Wireless HART and ISA100.11a. Although the two have some features in common, in reality they are very different. In particular, the scope of ISA100.11a is much wider. Whereas Wireless HART focuses on monitoring from WI HART enabled field instruments, ISA100.11a offers the scope to cover everything from field instruments to control-room integration. Moreover, it is compatible with a variety of protocols including Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus, Modbus and others as well as HART. It allows over 1000 devices in a network compared to only around 250 with Wireless HART.
Yokogawa is committed to supporting ISA100.11a as a preferred single international standard. In addition the ISA99 Security for Industrial Automation and Control Systems standard will be implemented to warrant overall security and privacy.
Wireless strategy
Yokogawa has developed Star, Mesh and a combination of the two networks, with the emphasis on self-healing network configurations and high security levels. It is also investigating long battery life for field operation and longer sensing ranges (up to 5 km). Field trials have been carried out to establish the characteristics of 2,4 GHz wireless transmission within typical environments such as refineries and chemical plants, from which a number of important lessons have been learned: 2,4 GHz radio is sensitive to the presence of obstacles (pipe work and other metal structures, for example); wireless is unlikely to be affected by the local climate and response time is a useful indicator of the radio transmission conditions.
As a result of this experience, Yokogawa is pressing ahead with the development of wireless-based field instruments and access points as the initial stage of a ‘total solutions’ approach. It is implementing partnerships with other organisations to facilitate aspects such as the integration of auxiliary sensors as well as mobile worker networks, integration of surveillance camera systems and long-haul inter-plant connections.
A lesson learned from conducted wireless sensor field trials and real project implementations of mobile worker networks is that obstacles may affect the reliability and hence the quality of service of the network. Specifically, the proper location of access points and other devices and the possible need for inclusion of repeaters should be assessed beforehand. This is particularly critical for the successful operation of the mobile worker network where roaming is essential.
It is expected that wireless sensor networks will gradually be adopted by the process industry. Although ISA100.11a is designed to accommodate control applications, initially the majority of applications will be for monitoring due to battery life limitations. In existing installations the benefits are obvious: measurements for process monitoring and condition monitoring can be added where the existing infrastructure cannot accommodate them. State of the art Greenfield sites are expected to be equipped with intelligent instruments that are mostly connected through wired instrumentation systems such as Foundation Fieldbus, but with several wireless networks for process and condition monitoring present.
Summary
Yokogawa is committed to the emerging wireless technologies as a way forward in implementing total solutions with wireless sensor networks as a key element in providing DCS and plant asset management ‘Anywhere, Anytime’. The Yokogawa values of openness, inter-operability and reliability will be provided by systems based on the ISA100 standard with Yokogawa assuming total wireless solution responsibility.
For more information contact Johan van der Westhuizen, Yokogawa SA, +27 (0)11 831 6300, [email protected], www.yokogawa.com
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